Annotation on the tectogrammatical layer in the Prague Dependency Treebank

Table of Contents

Abstract

Acknowledgement

1. Introduction

1. Typographical conventions

2. Note on the translation

2. Basic principles of sentence representation at the tectogrammatical level

1. Relation between the tectogrammatical level and the lower levels

3. Node types

1. The technical root node

2. Atomic nodes

3. Paratactic structure root nodes

4. List structure root nodes

5. Nodes representing foreign-language expressions

6. Nodes representing the dependent parts of idiomatic expressions

7. Complex nodes

8. Quasi-complex nodes

4. Tectogrammatical lemma (t-lemma)

1. Morphological lemma (m-lemma)

2. The relation between a node's t-lemma and m-lemma and between its t-lemma and word form

3. T-lemmas of multi-word (complex) lexical units

3.1. Multi-word t-lemma

3.2. Multi-word lexical units analysed as such by means of certain grammatemes

3.3. Multi-word lexical units analysed as such by means of special functors

3.4. Multi-word lexical units analysed as such by means of assigning them a special structure

4. T-lemma substitutes

5. T-lemmas and node types

5. Complex nodes and grammatemes

1. Syntactic and lexical derivation

1.1. Types of the syntactic derivation

1.2. Types of lexical derivation

1.3. Mixed type

2. Semantic parts of speech

2.1. Relation between the semantic and traditional parts of speech

2.2. Inner structure of the semantic parts of speech

2.2.1. Inner structure of semantic nouns

2.2.2. Inner structure of semantic adjectives

2.2.3. Inner structure of semantic adverbs

3. Attributes superior to grammatemes

3.1. The sempos attribute

4. Values of the grammatemes

5. Grammatemes

5.1. The number grammateme

5.2. The gender grammateme

5.3. The person grammateme

5.4. The politeness grammateme

5.5. The numertype grammateme

5.6. The indeftype grammateme

5.7. The negation grammateme

5.8. The degcmp grammateme (degree)

5.9. The verbmod grammateme (verbal modality)

5.10. The deontmod grammateme (deontic modality)

5.11. The dispmod grammateme (dispositional modality)

5.12. The aspect grammateme

5.13. The tense grammateme

5.14. The resultative grammateme (resultative aspect)

5.15. The iterativeness grammateme

6. Individual subgroups of semantic parts of speech and their grammatemes

6.1. Semantic nouns

6.1.1. Denominating semantic nouns

6.1.1.1. Denominating semantic nouns with which the negation is represented separately

6.1.2. Definite pronominal semantic nouns: demonstratives

6.1.3. Definite pronominal semantic nouns: personal pronouns

6.1.4. Indefinite pronominal semantic nouns

6.1.5. Definite quantificational semantic nouns

6.2. Semantic adjectives

6.2.1. Denominating semantic adjectives

6.2.2. Definite pronominal semantic adjectives: demonstratives

6.2.3. Indefinite pronominal semantic adjectives

6.2.4. Definite quantificational semantic adjectives

6.2.5. Indefinite quantificational semantic adjectives

6.2.6. Gradable quantificational semantic adjectives

6.3. Semantic adverbs

6.3.1. Non-gradable denominating semantic adverbs that cannot be negated

6.3.2. Non-gradable denominating semantic adverbs that can be negated

6.3.3. Gradable denominating semantic adverbs that cannot be negated

6.3.4. Gradable denominating semantic adverbs that can be negated

6.3.5. Definite pronominal semantic adverbs

6.3.6. Indefinite pronominal semantic adverbs

6.4. Semantic verbs

6.4.1. Values of the verbal modality grammateme

6.4.2. Values of the deontic modality grammateme

6.4.3. Values of the dispositional modality grammateme

6.4.4. Values of the aspect grammateme

6.4.5. Values of the tense grammateme

6.4.6. Values of the resultative grammateme

6.4.7. Values of the iterativeness grammateme

7. The sentmod attribute

6. Sentence representation structure

1. Dependency

1.1. Dual dependency

1.2. Non-dependency edges

1.3. Ambiguous dependency

2. Valency

2.1. The PDT approach to valency

2.1.1. Criteria for distinguishing between inner participants (arguments) and free modifications (adjuncts)

2.1.2. Criteria for distinguishing between obligatory and optional modifications

2.1.3. Structure of a valency frame

2.1.4. Criteria for determining the type of argument (the principle of shifting)

2.1.5. Relationship between the verb meanings and valency frames

2.2. Valency frames and the way they are recorded in the valency lexicon

2.2.1. Specification of the surface form of valency modifications

2.2.2. Valency frames of idiomatic expressions (phrasemes) and complex predicates

2.2.3. Productive changes in the surface form (not specified in the valency frames)

2.2.4. Valency lexicon

2.3. Valency of individual semantic parts of speech

2.3.1. Valency of verbs

2.3.1.1. Literal, abstract and idiomatic meanings of verbs

2.3.1.2. Delimitation of individual meanings with certain verbs subcategorizing for accusative objects

2.3.1.3. Finding the borderline between arguments and obligatory adjuncts and between obligatory and optional adjuncts

2.3.1.4. Finding the borderline between the individual argument functors

2.3.1.5. Valency modifications competing for the same position (while the meaning of the verb is preserved)

2.3.1.6. Valency modifications expressing that something is in a particular "state"

2.3.1.7. Valency frames of loan verbs

2.3.2. Valency of nouns

2.3.2.1. The basic approach to the valency of nouns

2.3.2.2. Classification of nouns w.r.t. their valency behavior

2.3.2.3. Arguments and adjuncts in the valency frames of nouns

2.3.2.4. Valency frames of individual groups of nouns

2.3.3. Valency of adjectives

2.3.3.1. Valency frames of deverbal adjectives referring to events

2.3.3.2. Valency frames of (all the) other adjectives

2.3.4. Valency of adverbs

2.4. Representing valency in the tectogrammatical trees

2.4.1. General arguments and unspecified Actors

2.4.2. Reciprocity

2.4.2.1. Valency frames and reciprocity

2.4.2.2. Representing reciprocity in the tectogrammatical trees

2.4.2.3. Reciprocity with nouns

2.4.2.4. Reciprocity and passive

2.4.3. Some directions for representing the valency of individual complex nodes

2.4.3.1. Representing the valency of verbs with competing valency modifications

2.4.3.2. Problematic cases w.r.t. the representation of the valency of nouns

2.4.3.3. Functors assigned to the non-valency modifications of nouns referring to events

2.4.3.4. Pronouns in place of words with valency

3. Deep structure word order

4. Verbal and non-verbal clauses

4.1. Verbal clauses

4.2. Non-verbal clauses

4.3. Connecting verbal and non-verbal clauses

5. Dependent verbal clauses

5.1. Dependent verbal clauses without a finite verb form

5.1.1. Dependent infinitival constructions

5.1.1.1. Condition expressed by an infinitive

5.1.1.2. Frozen infinitival constructions

5.1.2. Dependent participial constructions

5.1.2.1. Non-agreeing participial constructions

5.1.3. Transgressive (gerund) constructions

5.1.3.1. Frozen transgressive constructions

5.1.4. Constructions with adjectives connected by a subordinating conjunction

5.2. Content vs. relative clauses

5.2.1. Dependent clauses with the connective "co"

5.3. Supporting expressions

5.3.1. Correlative pairs with the supporting expression "ten"

5.3.2. Correlative pairs with the supporting expression "takový"

5.3.3. Correlative pairs with pronominal locative/directional adverbs used as supporting expressions

5.3.4. Correlative pairs with temporal pronominal adverbs as supporting expressions

5.3.5. Correlative pairs with other pronominal adverbs used as supporting expressions

5.4. False dependent clauses

5.4.1. False relative clauses

5.4.1.1. Constructions with the connectives "což", "přičemž", "načež", "pročež", "začež", "aniž"

5.4.2. False dependent conjunctional clauses

5.4.2.1. Constructions with the connectives "kdežto" and "takže"

5.4.2.2. Constructions with the connective "zatímco"

6. Parataxis

6.1. Representing parataxis in a tectogrammatical tree

6.1.1. Shared modifier of paratactically connected elements

6.1.2. Parataxis of sentence parts, parataxis of clauses and mixed parataxis

6.1.3. Functors of the terminal members of a paratactic structure

6.1.4. Embedded paratactic structures

6.2. Coordination and apposition

6.2.1. Special constructions represented as coordination or apposition

6.2.1.1. Coordination with "atd.", "apod.", "aj."

6.2.1.2. Apposition with an additional modification (connected by means of "a to", "a sice")

6.2.1.3. Apposition with the conjunction "jako"

6.3. Connecting elements when expressing mathematical operations and intervals

7. Parenthesis

7.1. Parenthesis proper

7.2. Lexicalized parenthesis

7.3. Special cases of parenthesis

7.3.1. Inversed syntactic relation between clauses

7.3.2. The speaker's comments such as "aby bylo jasno"

8. Idioms (phrasemes)

8.1. Non-verbal idioms

8.2. Verbal idioms

9. Multi-word predicates

9.1. Modal and phase predicates

9.1.1. Modal predicates

9.1.1.1. Negation of modal predicates

9.1.1.2. Parataxis with modal predicates

9.1.1.3. Layering of modal meanings

9.1.1.4. Closer specification of modal meanings

9.1.1.5. Ellipsis in modal predicates (borderline cases of modal predicates)

9.1.2. Phase predicates

9.2. Quasi-modal and quasi-phase predicates

9.2.1. Quasi-modal and quasi-phase verbs

9.3. Complex predicates

9.3.1. Properties of verbal and nominal components of complex predicates

9.3.1.1. Properties of the verbal component of complex predicates

9.3.1.2. Properties of the nominal component of complex predicates

9.3.2. Basic annotation rules for complex predicates

9.3.3. Valency frames of complex predicates

9.3.3.1. The valency frame of the verbal component of complex predicates

9.3.3.2. Valency frame of the nominal component of complex predicates

9.3.4. Representation of the valency of complex predicates in the tectogrammatical tree

9.3.4.1. Dual function of a valency modification of the complex predicate

9.3.4.2. Sharing of valency modifications between the verbal and nominal components (quasi-control)

9.4. Borderline cases with multi-word predicates

10. Predicative complement (dual dependency)

10.1. Predicative complement expressed by a noun

10.1.1. Predicative complement expressed by a noun

10.1.2. Predicative complement expressed by an adjective

10.1.3. Predicative complement expressed by a numeral

10.2. Predicative complement expressed by a non-finite verb form

10.2.1. Predicative complement expressed by a participle

10.2.2. Predicative complement expressed by a transgressive (gerund)

10.2.3. Predicative complement expressed by an infinitive

10.3. Predicative complement expressed by a dependent clause

10.4. Layering of predicative complements

11. Ambiguous structures

11.1. Dependency relations with certain verbal adjuncts

11.1.1. Ambiguous relations with adjuncts expressed by prepositional phrases

11.1.2. Ambiguous dependency relations with adjuncts expressed by adverbs

11.1.3. The semantic scope of modifications with the functors MOD and ATT

11.2. Dual function of a single modification

11.3. Mutual relation of two or more locative/directional or temporal modifications

11.3.1. A temporal or locative/directional modification dependent on another temporal or locative/directional modifcation

11.3.2. Two sister modifications with temporal or locative/directional meaning

11.3.3. Ambiguous and complicated cases

11.4. Dependency relations in noun phrases (two nouns in the same form)

11.4.1. Combination of a common noun and a proper noun

11.4.2. Other noun phrases

12. Ellipsis

12.1. Ellipsis of the governing element

12.1.1. Ellipsis of the governing verb

12.1.1.1. Textual ellipsis of the governing verb

12.1.1.2. Grammatical ellipsis of the governing verb

12.1.2. Ellipsis of the governing noun

12.1.2.1. Textual ellipsis of the governing noun

12.1.2.2. Grammatical ellipsis of the governing noun

12.1.3. Ellipsis of the governing clause

12.1.4. Ellipsis of the governing element with some special constructions

12.2. Ellipsis of the dependent element

12.2.1. Ellipsis of an obligatory modification

12.2.1.1. Textual ellipsis of an obligatory argument (the t-lemma substitutes #PersPron, #Cor, #QCor a #Rcp)

12.2.1.2. Grammatical ellipsis of an obligatory argument (t-lemma substitutes #Gen a #Unsp)

12.2.1.3. Ellipsis of an obligatory free modification (t-lemma substitutes #Oblfm and #Rcp)

12.2.2. Ellipsis of a non-obligatory modification

12.3. Ellipsis and the principle of shared modification in paratactic structures

12.3.1. Textual ellipsis of a non-obligatory modification in paratactic structures

13. Modality and negation

7. Functors and subfunctors

1. Functors for the effective roots of independent clauses

1.1. PRED

1.2. DENOM

1.3. VOCAT

1.4. PARTL

1.5. PAR

2. Argument functors

2.1. ACT

2.1.1. Borderline cases with the ACT functor

2.2. PAT

2.2.1. Borderline cases with the PAT functor

2.3. EFF

2.3.1. Borderline cases with the EFF functor

2.4. ADDR

2.4.1. Borderline cases with the ADDR functor

2.5. ORIG

2.5.1. Borderline cases with the ORIG functor

3. Temporal functors

3.1. TWHEN

3.1.1. Borderline cases with the TWHEN functor

3.2. TFHL

3.2.1. Borderline cases with the TFHL functor

3.3. TFRWH

3.3.1. Borderline cases with the TFRWH functor

3.4. THL

3.4.1. Borderline cases with the THL functor

3.5. THO

3.5.1. Borderline cases with the THO functor

3.6. TOWH

3.6.1. Borderline cases with the TOWH functor

3.7. TPAR

3.7.1. Borderline cases with the TPAR functor

3.8. TSIN

3.8.1. Borderline cases with the TSIN functor

3.9. TTILL

3.9.1. Borderline cases with the TTILL functor

4. Locative and directional functors

4.1. DIR1

4.1.1. Borderline cases with the DIR1 functor

4.2. DIR2

4.2.1. Borderline cases with the DIR2 functor

4.3. DIR3

4.3.1. Borderline cases with the DIR3 functor

4.4. LOC

4.4.1. Borderline cases with the LOC functor

5. Functors for implicational (causal) relations

5.1. AIM

5.1.1. Borderline cases with the AIM functor

5.2. CAUS

5.2.1. Borderline cases with the CAUS functor

5.3. CNCS

5.3.1. Borderline cases with CNCS the functor

5.4. COND

5.4.1. Borderline cases with the COND functor

5.5. INTT

5.5.1. Borderline cases with the INTT functor

6. Functors for expressing manner and its specific variants

6.1. ACMP

6.1.1. Borderline cases with the ACMP functor

6.2. CPR

6.2.1. Borderline cases with the CPR functor

6.3. CRIT

6.3.1. Borderline cases with the CRIT functor

6.4. DIFF

6.4.1. Borderline cases with the DIFF functor

6.5. EXT

6.5.1. Borderline cases with the EXT functor

6.6. MANN

6.6.1. Borderline cases with the MANN functor

6.7. MEANS

6.7.1. Borderline cases with the MEANS functor

6.8. REG

6.8.1. Borderline cases with the REG functor

6.9. RESL

6.9.1. Borderline cases with the RESL functor

6.10. RESTR

6.10.1. Borderline cases with the RESTR functor

7. Functors for rhematizers, sentence, linking and modal adverbial expressions

7.1. ATT

7.1.1. Borderline cases with the ATT functor

7.2. INTF

7.2.1. Borderline cases with the INTF functor

7.3. MOD

7.3.1. Borderline cases with the MOD functor

7.4. PREC

7.4.1. Borderline cases with the PREC functor

7.5. RHEM

7.5.1. Borderline cases with the RHEM functor

8. Functors for multi-word lexical units and foreign-language expressions

8.1. CPHR

8.1.1. Borderline cases with the functor CPHR

8.2. DPHR

8.2.1. Borderline cases with the functor DPHR

8.3. FPHR

8.3.1. Borderline cases with the functor FPHR

9. Functors for specific (new) modifications

9.1. BEN

9.1.1. Borderline cases with the BEN functor

9.2. CONTRD

9.2.1. Borderline cases with the functor CONTRD

9.3. HER

9.3.1. Borderline cases with the functor HER

9.4. SUBS

9.4.1. Borderline cases with the functor SUBS

10. Specific adnominal functors

10.1. APP

10.1.1. Borderline cases with the functor APP

10.2. AUTH

10.2.1. Borderline cases with the functor AUTH

10.3. ID

10.3.1. Borderline cases with the functor ID

10.4. MAT

10.4.1. Borderline cases with the functor MAT

10.5. RSTR

10.5.1. Borderline cases with the functor RSTR

11. Functor for the predicative complement (COMPL)

11.1. Borderline cases with the functor COMPL

12. Functors expressing the relations between the members of paratactic structures

12.1. Functors for coordination

12.1.1. ADVS

12.1.1.1. Borderline cases with the ADVS functor

12.1.2. CONFR

12.1.2.1. Borderline cases with the CONFR functor

12.1.3. CONJ

12.1.3.1. Borderline cases with the CONJ functor

12.1.4. CONTRA

12.1.4.1. Borderline cases with the CONTRA functor

12.1.5. CSQ

12.1.5.1. Borderline cases with the CSQ functor

12.1.6. DISJ

12.1.6.1. Borderline cases with the DISJ functor

12.1.7. GRAD

12.1.7.1. Borderline cases with the GRAD functor

12.1.8. REAS

12.1.8.1. Borderline cases with the REAS functor

12.2. Functor for apposition (APPS)

12.2.1. Borderline cases with the APPS functor

12.3. Functor for mathematical operations and intervals (OPER)

12.3.1. Borderline cases with the OPER functor

12.4. Functor for conjunction modifiers (CM)

12.4.1. Borderline cases with the CM functor

13. Further specification of a functor

13.1. Subfunctors

13.1.1. Subfunctors with the ACMP functor

13.1.2. Subfunctors with the BEN functor

13.1.3. Subfunctors with the CPR functor

13.1.4. Subfunctors with the DIR1 functor

13.1.5. Subfunctors with the DIR2 functor

13.1.6. The subfunctors with the DIR3 functor

13.1.7. Subfunctory with the EXT functor

13.1.8. Subfunctors with the LOC functor

13.1.9. Subfunctors with the TWHEN functor

13.2. Attribute with the meaning of "state"

8. Specific syntactic constructions

1. Noun vs. adjective

1.1. Nominalized adjectives

1.2. Pronouns in the role of a syntactic adjective or noun

1.3. Numerals in the role of a syntactic adjective or noun

2. Constructions with the verb "být" (=to_be)

2.1. Types of construction with the verb "být"

2.1.1. Existential "být"

2.1.2. Substitute "být"

2.1.3. Copula "být" (verbonominal predicate)

2.1.4. Phraseological "být" (verbal idiom)

2.1.5. "Být" in single-constituent constructions

2.1.5.1. Impersonal usage of the verb "být"

2.1.5.2. Constructions of "personal experience" with an Actor in the dative

2.2. Notes on certain constructions with the verb "být"

2.2.1. Verbonominal predicate vs. periphrastic passive

2.2.2. Constructions with the infinitive

2.2.3. Constructions with numerical expressions

2.2.4. The construction "Je vidět Sněžku/Sněžka"

3. Direct speech

3.1. Direct speech as modification of a reporting clause

3.1.1. Direct speech as the argument of a verb

3.1.1.1. Specific constructions in which direct speech is represented as an argument of the verb

3.1.2. Direct speech as modification of a noun

3.2. Direct speech is not a modification of the reporting clause

3.3. Borderline cases between direct speech and meta-usage

4. Constructions with the meaning of "comparison"

4.1. Comparison by means of the conjunction "jako" (comparison based on identity and similarity)

4.1.1. Comparing two events by means of the conjunction "jako"

4.2. Comparison by means of the conjunction "než" (comparison on the basis of difference)

4.2.1. Comparing quantities by means of the conjunction "než"

4.2.2. Condensed expression of comparison with the conjunction "než"

4.2.3. Comparing two events by means of the conjunction "než"

4.3. Comparison expressed by adverbs, prepositions and other means

5. Specific constructions with the meaning of "difference"

5.1. Constructions with the expressions "čím - tím"

5.2. Constructions with the expressions "čím dál tím + comparative"

5.3. Constructions with the expressions "tím + comparative"

6. Constructions signifying "restriction" and "exceptional conjoining"

6.1. Meaning of "restriction"

6.1.1. Constructions signifying "restriction" attached by prepositions

6.1.2. Constructions signifying "restriction" attached by connectives

6.1.3. Constructions signifying restriction of the type "nezbývá než doufat (=one can only hope)"

6.2. The meaning of "exceptional conjoining"

7. Constructions with a dependent consecutive clause

8. Identifying expressions

8.1. Basic rules for the annotation of identifying expressions

8.1.1. Rules for the annotation of identifying expressions with a declinable governing constituent

8.1.2. Rules for annotation of other identifying expressions

8.1.3. Identification structure

8.2. Proper nouns and titles

8.2.1. Specific rules for certain types of proper nouns

8.3. Expressions used metalinguistically

9. Foreign-language expressions

10. Numbers and numerals

10.1. The function of numerals

10.1.1. Numerals with the role of an attribute (RSTR)

10.1.2. Numerals with the meaning of a "container"

10.1.3. Numerals with the function of a "label"

10.1.4. Numerals with adverbial meanings

10.2. Other rules for the annotation of numbers and numerals

10.2.1. Competition of a numeral with the attributive function and one with the meaning of a "container"

10.2.2. Numeral expressions "hodně", "více", "dost", "moc", "málo", "méně", "stejně", "plno"

10.2.3. Complex numerical expressions

10.2.3.1. Type "sto čtyřicet tisíc lidí"

10.2.3.2. Type "tyč dlouhá 2 m 10 cm 4 mm"

10.2.4. Decimals and fractions

11. Mathematical operations and intervals

11.1. Mathematical operations

11.2. Intervals

11.2.1. Temporal intervals analyzed by means of temporal functors

11.2.2. Spatial intervals analyzed by means of locative/directional functors

11.2.3. Intervals analyzed as a paratactic structure

12. Annotation of structured text

12.1. Identification of statutes and regulations

12.2. Addresses

12.3. Announcements

12.4. Tables

12.5. Television programmes

12.6. Forms

12.7. Lists

12.8. Bibliographical data

12.9. Headings, titles of articles and sections

12.10. Set expressions in journalism

12.11. Sports commentaries

12.11.1. Tables of sports results

12.11.2. Other complex constructions

13. Expressions of negation and affirmation

13.1. Negating and affirmative expressions as rhematizers

13.2. Negating and affirmative expressions as non-verbal clauses

13.3. Negating expressions as conjunction modifiers

13.4. Negating and affirmative expressions used in a metalinguistic sense

14. The expressions "se" and "si"

15. Abbreviations

16. Co-ordinating connectives and operators

16.1. Co-ordinating connectives

16.1.1. Co-ordinating conjunctions

16.1.2. Conjunction modifiers

16.2. Operators

17. Prepositions and subordinating conjunctions

17.1. Secondary prepositions

17.2. Closer specification of prepositions

17.3. The prepositions "kromě", "mimo", "vedle", "místo", "namísto"

17.4. The conjunctions "než" and "jako"

17.5. Transposition of a subordinating conjunction to a particle

18. Punctuation

19. Parts of the text identified by graphical symbols

19.1. Text within quotation marks

19.1.1. Quotation marks in the function of denotation of direct speech and quotation

19.1.2. Quotation marks marking meta-usage

19.1.3. Quotation marks denoting a proper name or title

19.2. Text in brackets and within dashes

9. Coreference

1. Representing coreference in the tectogrammatical trees

2. Grammatical coreference

2.1. Coreference with reflexive pronouns

2.2. Coreference with relative elements

2.2.1. Coreference in relative clauses

2.2.2. Coreference of the relative element "což"

2.3. Coreference with verbal modifications that have dual dependency

2.4. Control

2.4.1. The notion of control

2.4.1.1. Controller

2.4.1.2. The controllee

2.4.1.3. Infinitive a valency modification of which is controlled

2.4.2. Types of control verbs

2.4.3. Types of control constructions and the issue of nominalizations

2.4.3.1. Constructions with an infinitive that do not involve control

2.4.4. Type 1: Infinitive dependent on a verbal control predicate

2.4.4.1. Infinitive dependent on the nominal part of a complex control predicate

2.4.4.2. Infinitive dependent on a verbal idiom (which is a control predicate)

2.4.4.3. Infinitive dependent on the nominal part of a verbonominal control predicate

2.4.4.4. Infinitive dependent on the verbal part of a verbonominal control predicate

2.4.4.5. Infinitive dependent on "lze" and control in constructions of the type "Je vidět Sněžku"

2.4.5. Type 2: Infinitive dependent on a nominalized control predicate

2.4.5.1. Infinitive dependent on a noun derived from a control verb

2.4.5.2. Infinitive dependent on an adjective derived from a control verb

2.4.6. Type 3: Noun dependent on a verbal control predicate

2.4.6.1. A nominalized infinitive depends on a verbal control predicate

2.4.6.2. Control verbs that cannot be modified by an infinitive

2.4.7. Type 4: Noun dependent on a nominalized control predicate

2.4.7.1. A noun derived from an infinitive dependent on a noun derived from a control verb

2.4.7.2. A noun derived from an infinitive dependent on an adjective derived from a control verb

2.4.7.3. A noun dependent on a noun derived from a control verb that cannot be modified by an infinitive

2.4.7.4. A noun dependent on an adjective derived from a control verb that cannot be modified by an infinitive

2.5. Quasi-control

2.6. Coreference in constructions with reciprocity

3. Textual coreference

3.1. Types of textual coreference

3.1.1. Explicitly coreferred element

3.1.2. Reference to a segment

3.1.3. Exophora

3.2. No textual coreference

4. Survey of types of coreference with respect to the t-lemmas of the coreferring nodes

5. Working approaches to certain aspects of coreference

5.1. Preserving the coreference chains

5.2. Some temporary solutions

5.2.1. Referring to a modification with the ID functor

5.2.2. Referring with the type "tatínek s maminkou"

5.2.3. No (textual) coreference with the pronoun "ten" used as a noun

10. Topic-focus articulation

1. Signalling TFA

1.1. Surface word order

1.2. Intonation

1.2.1. Intonation centre

1.2.2. Contrastive stress

2. Contextual boundness

2.1. Context

2.2. Expressions from the point of view of contextual boundness

2.2.1. Non-contrastive contextually bound expression (value t in the attribute tfa)

2.2.2. Contrastive contextually bound expression (value c in attribute tfa)

2.2.3. Contextually non-bound expression (value f in attribute tfa)

2.2.4. Contextual boundness of expressions absent in the surface structure of the sentence

3. Communicative dynamism

3.1. Basic guidelines for the ordering of nodes in a tectogrammatical tree

3.1.1. Focus proper

3.1.2. Quasi-focus

3.2. Ordering of nodes in verbal groups (verb phrases)

3.2.1. Ordering of contextually non-bound nodes in verbal groups

3.2.2. Ordering of contextually bound nodes in verbal groups

3.3. Ordering of nodes in nominal groups (noun phrases)

3.4. Projectivity of tectogrammatical trees

3.4.1. Non-projectivities motivated by word-order rules

3.4.2. Non-projectivities motivated by prosodic reasons

3.4.3. Non-projectivities motivated by the topic-focus articulation

3.4.4. Non-projectivities with unclear motivation (constructions with multi-word predicates)

4. Tendencies in topic-focus articulation (auxiliary instructions)

4.1. Topic-focus articulation and the lexical content of an expression

4.2. Topic-focus articulation and the semantic type of dependency relation (functor)

4.3. Topic-focus articulation and relationships between clauses

4.3.1. Topic-focus articulation of the first sentence of a text

4.3.2. Topic-focus articulation of paratactic structures

4.3.2.1. Topic-focus articulation of paratactically connected dependent modifications and clauses

4.3.2.2. Topic-focus articulation of paratactically connected independent clauses

4.3.3. Topic-focus articulation of dependent verbal clauses

4.4. Topic-focus articulation of questions

4.4.1. Topic-focus articulation of yes-no questions

4.4.2. Topic-focus articulation of wh-questions

4.4.3. Topic-focus articulation of indirect questions

5. Topic and focus

5.1. Topic

5.1.1. Contrastive topic

5.2. Focus

6. Rhematizers

6.1. Expressions with the function of a rhematizer

6.1.1. Homonymy: rhematizer - adverbial modifications

6.1.2. Homonymy: rhematizer - modal expressions (ATT and MOD)

6.1.3. Homonymy: rhematizer - conjunction modifier

6.2. Basic guidelines regarding the position of rhematizers in tectogrammatical trees

6.3. Contextual boundness of rhematizers

6.4. Specific constructions with rhematizers

6.4.1. Rhematizers in paratactic structures

6.4.2. Rhematizers in nominal groups

11. Data format

1. PDT 2.0 data format

2. A node and types of attribute values

3. References in PDT 2.0

4. Attributes of nodes in a tectogrammatical tree

5. The notation of valency frames and its semantics

5.1. The notation of valency frames

5.2. Semantics of a valency frame record

5.3. Realizations

5.4. Frames

5.5. Abbreviated forms of realization records

Subject index

A. Functional possibilities of selected means of expression

B. Coordinating connectives and operators

C. Secondary prepositions

D. Non-verbal idiomatic expressions

E. Verbs and nouns of control

1. Verbs of control

2. Complex control predicates

3. Control nouns