The present chapter describes all functors and subfunctors used in PDT.
Functors. Functors represent the semantic values of syntactic dependency relations; they express the functions of individual modifications in the sentence.
However, there are certain groups of functors that do not fit in well with the definition; these are:
functors used for the effective root nodes of independent clauses (see Section 4, "Verbal and non-verbal clauses") - these functors carry the information regarding the type of the clause (construction) and they also refer to the very fact that these clauses are independent:
PRED, DENOM, VOCAT, PARTL, PAR.
See Section 1, "Functors for the effective roots of independent clauses".
functors used for paratactic structure root nodes (see Section 6, "Parataxis") - these express the type of the paratactic relation in question:
ADVS, CONFR, CONJ, CONTRA, CSQ, DISJ, GRAD, REAS, APPS, OPER.
See Section 12, "Functors expressing the relations between the members of paratactic structures".
functors for the dependent parts of complex lexical units:
CPHR, DPHR, CM.
See Section 8, "Functors for multi-word lexical units and foreign-language expressions" and Section 12.4, "Functor for conjunction modifiers (CM)".
the functor used for nodes representing foreign-language expressions:
FPHR.
See Section 8.3, "FPHR".
functors for atomic nodes (see Section 2, "Atomic nodes"):
ATT, MOD, PREC, RHEM, INTF.
See Section 7, "Functors for rhematizers, sentence, linking and modal adverbial expressions".
Functors may be classified according to different criteria (into different subgroups). The basic subdivision is based on the part-of-speech characteristic of the expression on which the lexical unit in question depends. Hence, there are functors assigned exclusively to nodes dependent on nouns (adnominal functors) and functors that are primarily assigned to nodes dependent on verbs (adverbal functors).
Another criterion - a very important one - is the valency criterion, described in Section 2, "Valency"; the valency criterion divides functors into the argument functors and adjunct functors.
In the present chapter, the functors are classified primarily according to their semantics but the criteria mentioned above are taken into account as well.
The information regarding the functor of each node is contained in its functor attribute. See also Table 7.1, "Values of the functor attribute".
Table 7.1. Values of the functor attribute
ACMP |
adjunct expressing accompaniment (in the broad sense of the word) | tatínek s maminkou.ACMP (=Father with Mother) |
See Section 6.1, "ACMP". |
ACT |
argument - Actor | Otec.ACT pracuje. (=Father is working) |
See Section 2.1, "ACT". |
ADDR |
argument - Addressee | Poslal dárek příteli.ADDR (=He sent a present to a friend) |
See Section 2.4, "ADDR". |
ADVS |
paratactic structure root node - adversative relation | Viděl, ale.ADVS neslyšel. (=He saw (it) but he didn't hear a thing) |
See Section 12.1.1, "ADVS". |
AIM |
adjunct expressing purpose | Cvičí, aby zhubla.AIM (=She does exercises in order to lose weight) |
See Section 5.1, "AIM". |
APP |
adnominal adjunct expressing appurtenance | můj.APP hrad (=my castle) |
See Section 10.1, "APP". |
APPS |
the root node of an appositional structure | substantivum, neboli.APPS podstatné jméno (=substantive, or noun) |
See Section 12.2, "Functor for apposition (APPS)". |
ATT |
atomic expression expressing the speaker's attitude | Je to samozřejmě.ATT pravda. (=Of course, it is true) |
See Section 7.1, "ATT". |
AUTH |
adnominal adjunct referring to the author (of sth) | Nezvalovy.AUTH verše (=Nezval's poems) |
See Section 10.2, "AUTH". |
BEN |
adjunct expressing that sth is happening for the benefit (or disadvantage) of sb/sth | Pracuje pro firmu.BEN (=He is working for the company) |
See Section 9.1, "BEN". |
CAUS |
adjunct expressing the cause (of sth) | Z důvodu nemoci.CAUS zavřeno. (=It is closed because of illness) |
See Section 5.2, "CAUS". |
CNCS |
adjunct expressing concession | Navzdory studijním úspěchům.CNCS se v praxi neuplatnil. (=Despite he was successful as a student, he wasn't equally successful in practice) |
See Section 5.3, "CNCS". |
CM |
conjunction modifier | otec a také.CM syn (=lit. Father and as_well_as his son) |
See Section 12.4, "Functor for conjunction modifiers (CM)". |
COMPL |
adjunct - predicative complement | Vrátila se unavená.COMPL (=She returned tired) |
See Section 11, "Functor for the predicative complement (COMPL)". |
COND |
adjunct expressing a condition (for sth else to happen) | Když spí.COND , nezlobí. (=If he sleeps, he is good) |
See Section 5.4, "COND". |
CONFR |
paratactic structure root node - confrontation | Pavel se zlepšuje, kdežto.CONFR Jan dostává čtyřky. (=Pavel is getting better while Jan is getting fours/bad marks) |
See Section 12.1.2, "CONFR". |
CONJ |
paratactic structure root node - simple coordination/conjunction | Pavel a.CONJ Jan (=Pavel and Jan) |
See Section 12.1.3, "CONJ". |
CONTRA |
paratactic structure root node - two entities are in conflict (in a match, fight etc.) | otec versus.CONTRA syn (=Father vs. son) |
See Section 12.1.4, "CONTRA". |
CONTRD |
adjunct expressing confrontation | Zatímco mzdy klesají.CONTRD , ceny se zvyšují. (=While wages are going down, prices are going up) |
See Section 9.2, "CONTRD". |
CPHR |
the nominal part of a complex predicate | mít plán.CPHR (=to have a plan) |
See Section 8.1, "CPHR". |
CPR |
adjunct expressing comparison | víc než tisíc.CPR korun (=more than one thousand crowns) |
See Section 6.2, "CPR". |
CRIT |
adjunct expressing a criterion/measure/standard | Seřaď slova podle abecedy.CRIT (=Put the words in the alphabetical order, lit. organize words according to alphabet) |
See Section 6.3, "CRIT". |
CSQ |
paratactic structure root node - consequential relation | Pracoval nezodpovědně, a.CSQ proto dostal výpověď. (=He wasn't responsible (in his work), therefore, he was fired) |
See Section 12.1.5, "CSQ". |
DENOM |
effective root node of an independent nominal clause (which is not parenthetical) | Základní škola.DENOM (=Primary school) |
See Section 1.2, "DENOM". |
DIFF |
adjunct expressing a difference (between two entities, states etc.) | Je vyšší o dva centimetry.DIFF (=He is two centimeters taller) |
See Section 6.4, "DIFF". |
DIR1 |
directional adjunct - answering the question "odkud (=where from?)" | Přijel z Prahy.DIR1 (=He came from Praha) |
See Section 4.1, "DIR1". |
DIR2 |
directional adjunct - answering the question "kudy (=which way?)" | Jdou lesem.DIR2 (=They are walking through the woods) |
See Section 4.2, "DIR2". |
DIR3 |
directional adjunct - answering the question "kam (=where to?)" | Přišel domů.DIR3 (=He came home) |
See Section 4.3, "DIR3". |
DISJ |
paratactic structure root node - disjunctive relation | Pojedu já, nebo.DISJ ty. (=Either I will go, or you) |
See Section 12.1.6, "DISJ". |
DPHR |
the dependent part of an idiomatic expression | křížem krážem.DPHR (=crisscross) |
See Section 8.2, "DPHR". |
EFF |
argument - Effect | Jmenovali ho předsedou.EFF (=They appointed him as a chairman) |
See Section 2.3, "EFF". |
EXT |
adjunct expressing extent | V nádobě je přesně.EXT litr vody. (=The pot contains exactly one liter of water) |
See Section 6.5, "EXT". |
FPHR |
part of a foreign-language expression | cash.FPHR flow.FPHR |
See Section 8.3, "FPHR". |
GRAD |
paratactic structure root node - gradation | Běžel, ba.GRAD utíkal. (=He not only ran, he ran helter-skelter) |
See Section 12.1.7, "GRAD". |
HER |
adjunct expressing inheritance | šátek po matce.HER (=lit. scarf after Mother, i.e. inherited) |
See Section 9.3, "HER". |
ID |
the nominative of identity and explicative genitive | hrad Karlštejn.ID; trest smrti.ID (= the castle Karlštejn, death penalty; lit. penalty death.GEN) |
See Section 10.3, "ID". |
INTF |
atomic expression referring to the "false (expletive) subject" | Ono.INTF prší. (=It is raining) |
See Section 7.2, "INTF". |
INTT |
adjunct expressing intention | Šel nakoupit.INTT (=He went shopping) |
See Section 5.5, "INTT". |
LOC |
locative adjunct - answering the question "kde (=where?)" | Pracuje v Praze.LOC (=She works in Praha) |
See Section 4.4, "LOC". |
MANN |
adjunct expressing the manner (of doing sth) | Mluví hlasitě.MANN (=He is talking loud) |
See Section 6.6, "MANN". |
MAT |
adnominal argument referring to the content of a container | sklenice vody.MAT (=a glass of water) |
See Section 10.4, "MAT". |
MEANS |
adjunct expressing a means (of doing sth) | Píše perem.MEANS (=She is writing with a pen) |
See Section 6.7, "MEANS". |
MOD |
atomic expression with a modal meaning | Pracuje asi.MOD na půl úvazku. (=She works probably part-time) |
See Section 7.3, "MOD". |
OPER |
paratactic structure root node referring to a mathematical operation or interval | pět až.OPER deset hodin (=from five to ten hours) |
See Section 12.3, "Functor for mathematical operations and intervals (OPER)". |
ORIG |
argument - Origo | Vyrábí nábytek ze dřeva.ORIG (=He makes furniture out of wood) |
See Section 2.5, "ORIG". |
PAR |
effective root node of a parenthetic (verbal or nominal) clause | Přijedu 13. prosince (pátek.PAR ). (=I am coming on December 13th (Friday)) |
See Section 1.5, "PAR". |
PARTL |
effective root node of an independent interjectional clause | Hurá.PARTL , vyhráli jsme! (=Hurray, we won!) |
See Section 1.4, "PARTL". |
PAT |
argument - Patient | Vaří oběd.PAT (=He is cooking lunch) |
See Section 2.2, "PAT". |
PREC |
atomic expression referring to the preceding context | A.PREC pak odešel. (=And then he left) |
See Section 7.4, "PREC". |
PRED |
effective root node of an independent verbal clause (which is not parenthetical) | Pavel dal.PRED kytku Martině. (=Pavel gave a flower to Martina) |
See Section 1.1, "PRED". |
REAS |
paratactic structure root node - causal relation | Dostal výpověď, neboť.REAS pracoval nezodpovědně. (=He was fired, since he wasn't responsible) |
See Section 12.1.8, "REAS". |
REG |
adjunct expressing with regard to what sth is asserted | Vzhledem k počasí.REG nelze nic plánovat. (=Considering the weather, it's not possible to plan anything) |
See Section 6.8, "REG". |
RESL |
adjunct expressing the result/effect of something | Mluví tak potichu, že mu nerozumíme.RESL (=He is speaking so softly that we can't understand what he's saying) |
See Section 6.9, "RESL". |
RESTR |
adjunct expressing an exception / restriction | Kromě tebe.RESTR tam byli všichni. (=Except for you, everybody was there) |
See Section 6.10, "RESTR". |
RHEM |
atomic expression - rhematizer | Jen.RHEM Karel odešel. (=Only Karel left) |
See Section 7.5, "RHEM". |
RSTR |
adnominal adjunct modifying its governing noun | velký.RSTR dům (=a big house) |
See Section 10, "Specific adnominal functors". |
SUBS |
adjunct expressing that sb/sth substitutes for sb/sth else | Za otce.SUBS jednal strýc. (Instead of Father, our uncle took action) |
See Section 9.4, "SUBS". |
TFHL |
temporal adjunct - answering the question "na jak dlouho? (=for how long?)" | Přijel na měsíc.TFHL (=He came for a month) |
See Section 3.2, "TFHL". |
TFRWH |
temporal adjunct - answering the question "ze kdy? (=from when?)" | Přeložil jednání ze soboty.TFRWH na dnešek. (=He shifted the negotiations from Saturday to today) |
See Section 3.3, "TFRWH". |
THL |
temporal adjunct - answering the questions "jak dlouho? (=how long?)" and "za jak dlouho? (=after how long?)" | Stihnul to za týden.THL (=He managed to do it in a week) |
See Section 3.4, "THL". |
THO |
temporal adjunct - answering the questions "jak často? (=how often?)" and "kolikrát? (=how many times?)" | Pracuju na tom každý den.THO (=I work on that every day) |
See Section 3.5, "THO". |
TOWH |
temporal adjunct - answering the question "na kdy? (=to when?)" | Přeložil jednání ze soboty na dnešek.TOWH (=He moved the negotiations from Saturday to today) |
See Section 3.6, "TOWH". |
TPAR |
temporal adjunct - answering the questions "současně s čím? (=in parallel/simultaneously with what?)" and "během jaké doby? (=during what time?)" | Během naší dovolené.TWHEN ani jednou nepršelo. (=During our holiday it didn't rain once) |
See Section 3.7, "TPAR". |
TSIN |
temporal adjunct - answering the question "od kdy? (=since when?)" | Budu pracovat od zítra.TSIN (=I will be working from tomorrow) |
See Section 3.8, "TSIN". |
TTILL |
temporal adjunct - answering the question "do kdy? (=until when?)" | Udělám to do pátku.TTILL (=I will do it before Friday) |
See Section 3.9, "TTILL". |
TWHEN |
temporal adjunct - answering the question "kdy? (=when?)" | Přijdu zítra.TWHEN (=I'll come tomorrow) |
See Section 3.1, "TWHEN". |
VOCAT |
effective root node of an independent vocative clause | Hanko.VOCAT , podej mi to. (=Hanka, give it to me) |
See Section 1.3, "VOCAT". |
Subfunctors. With some functors, more detailed specification of their relation to their governing node is needed. Such information is carried by subfunctors.
The subfunctors are described in Section 13, "Further specification of a functor".
!!! There was no subsequent check regarding the appropriate assignment of the adjunct functors (and most of the adnominal argument functors). In the future, it will be necessary to carry out such a check - there may be identical modifications bearing different functors in the data. It may be also necessary to define individual functors with more precision.